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The proportion of lithium iron phosphate in the electric vehicle market continues to increase 01.The policy dividend of the new energy automobile industry is withdrawn. In order to reduce costs, more cost-effective lithium iron phosphate batteries have been favored by more automobile manufacturers. Calculated according to the current price, the replacement of a ternary lithium battery with a charge of 55kWh and a battery life of 405km with a lithium iron phosphate battery can reduce the cost by 4,600 yuan to 5,600 yuan. Second, the energy density of lithium iron phosphate batteries is increasing. Since 2010, it has increased from 90Wh/kg to 190Wh/kg, which greatly alleviates consumers' concerns about the short battery life of lithium iron phosphate models. Third, the lithium iron phosphate battery has a stable lattice structure. Under the same high temperature, fast charge or overcharge conditions, the lithium iron phosphate crystal is less likely to collapse in structure and has higher safety. At the same time, the stable structure of the lithium iron phosphate material also brings a higher cycle life. When the capacity of the lithium iron phosphate battery decays to about 70%, the commercial energy storage station can be disassembled and placed to continue to be used. Currently, lithium iron phosphate relies on its obvious advantages in cost, safety, and cycle life, and more and more best-selling models are equipped with lithium iron phosphate batteries. Such as Tesla's Model 3, Model Y standard battery life version, BYD Han, Song PLUS EV, Tang EV, Wuling macro mini, Great Wall Euler cat series, Xiaopeng P7, Xiaopeng new model G3i, Nezha V, zero running T03 etc. In addition, BYD announced not long ago that all pure electric vehicles have been replaced with blade batteries using lithium iron phosphate technology; Tesla even stated that in the future, lithium iron phosphate batteries will account for as much as two-thirds of Tesla. In this regard, the market generally expects that in the future, the high-end passenger car market will be dominated by ternary batteries, and the market share of lithium iron phosphate will continue to expand in the middle and low-end passenger cars and commercial vehicles. Zeng Yuqun, chairman of CATL, also said that in the power battery market, the proportion of lithium iron phosphate will gradually increase. However, many high-end models have a higher demand for cruising range, so there is still room for ternary batteries. Energy storage industry winds up as another incremental market 02.At present, in addition to the main application of lithium iron phosphate in the field of new energy vehicles, it is also developing rapidly in the fields of energy storage and electric ships, especially in the energy storage industry. According to the form of energy storage, energy storage can be divided into electric energy storage, thermal energy storage, and hydrogen energy storage. Among them, electrical energy storage is the most important form of energy storage. The Energy Storage Industry Research White Paper 2021 released by the Energy Storage Industry Technology Alliance predicts that in 2021, it is conservatively estimated that the cumulative installed capacity of the electrochemical energy storage market will reach 5.79 million kilowatts. From 2021 to 2025, the cumulative compound growth rate of electrochemical energy storage will be 57.4%, and the market will show a trend of rapid growth. Generally speaking, lithium batteries used in the field of energy storage require more than 3,500 cycles, that is, a service life of more than 10 years, while the cycle number of lithium iron phosphate batteries can reach more than 7,000, which is much higher than that of lead-acid batteries and ternary lithium Battery. In terms of application cost, lithium iron phosphate is also significantly lower than other batteries. Energy storage is different from power batteries. It does not require high battery energy density, but has higher requirements for safety, cycle times and cost. Lithium iron phosphate batteries have outstanding advantages in three aspects. Lithium battery energy storage is expected to continue in the future Dominated by lithium iron phosphate. This is undoubtedly a huge benefit for lithium iron phosphate batteries.

1. What is fluorinated graphite Graphite fluoride is a type of interlayer compound produced by the direct reaction between graphite carbon and fluorine, and its chemical structure can be (CFx)n. Indicates that the F/C ratio (x) is an indefinite value, and the change interval is 0<x<1.25. The properties of fluorinated graphite vary with the value of x in the molecule, x=1-1.25 is called high fluorination graphite, x=0.5-0.99 is called low fluorination graphite, and the color of fluorinated graphite varies with the fluorine content. Increase, from gray-black to snow-white. Highly fluorinated graphite has excellent thermal stability, is an electrical and thermal insulator, is not corroded by strong acids and alkalis, and its lubricating performance exceeds MoS2 and flake graphite. Because fluorinated graphite has many excellent properties, it has a wide range of applications in the fields of military, aviation, aerospace, metallurgy, electromechanical, chemical and special materials, and is currently the most economically promising new graphite product. 2. Synthetic method of fluorinated graphite (1) Direct synthesis method Solid carbon and gaseous fluorine are heated and reacted within a certain range. The raw materials of this process only involve solid carbon and gaseous fluorine. The external conditions are only the temperature reaction effect, which is only related to the reactants themselves and the reaction conditions. The earliest synthetic method is also the most mature industrial production method. (2) Catalytic synthesis method In the reaction system of graphite and fluorine gas, if there is a small amount of metal fluoride, fluorination can also be realized under lower than normal conditions. The metal fluoride plays a catalytic role in the fluorinated graphite prepared here. Containing a small amount of metal fluoride, although the amount is small, it changes the properties of fluorinated graphite, especially the conductivity increased by an order of magnitude. (3) Solid-solid synthesis method This method uses solid fluoropolymer and graphite to mix and heat to 260°C in an inert gas to prepare fluorinated graphite. This synthesis method has improved safety, but the degree of fluorination is low and the product is uneven. (4) Electrolysis method Electrolysis of carbon or graphite materials in anhydrous hydrofluoric acid can produce new fluorinated graphite, that is, circulating hydrofluoric acid between the anode and cathode, so that fluorinated graphite can be synthesized continuously. This method is controlled by The concentration of the reaction solution, the electrolysis temperature and the amount of conductive agent added are achieved, but the degree of fluorination is low, and the product F/C is not uniform. The process of this method is still being further improved. 3. Uses of fluorinated graphite (1) Solid high-efficiency lubricant Highly fluorinated graphite has higher lubricity than virgin graphite, molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), etc. The structure of this highly fluorinated graphite is staggered, and the surface carbon atoms 2p electrons participate in the formation of Sp3 hybridization and fluorine atoms. Covalent bond, so that fluorinated graphite loses part of its conductivity. The upper and lower surfaces of the layers are densely bound with fluorine atoms. Due to the electronegativity of the fluorine atoms, there is a repulsive force between the fluorine atoms on the adjacent layers, so that the interlayer spacing of the carbon layer extends from 3.35Å of graphite to 7.08Å, and the interlayer energy is changed from The 39.681 kJ/mol of graphite is reduced to 8.365 kJ/mol, so the layer is easy to slide and has stronger lubricity. Experiments show that under the conditions of high temperature, high pressure and high load (882kg/cm2), high fluorinated graphite still maintains good lubricating properties, so it is called the "king of lubrication". Fluorine gas is prepared by electrolysis of molten salt KF•2HF, and then the fluorine gas and graphite are reacted at 500°C to prepare fluorinated graphite materials, and the friction coefficients of fluorinated graphite, graphite and molybdenum disulfide are tested. It was found that the friction coefficient of fluorinated graphite is smaller than that of graphite and MoS2, which proves that fluorinated graphite does have excellent lubricating properties. (2) Electrode materials for lithium carbon fluoride batteries with high energy density Graphite fluoride has good chemical and thermal stability, extremely low surface energy, and extremely high electrical activity. Graphite fluoride is suitable as anode material for high-energy batteries. CF0.5-0.99 Graphite fluoride is most suitable as anode material for high-energy batteries with fluorine content. High is beneficial to reduce the anode volume and miniaturize the battery. In recent years, electrode materials for lithium fluorinated carbon batteries have become the largest application field of fluorinated graphite. Although highly fluorinated graphite CF1.1-1.26 contains high fluorine content, it is necessary to add ion conductive agent Li due to excessive resistivity. Low-fluorinated graphite is used as the electrode material of the lithium battery, and the lithium fluoride electrode is synthesized in situ. Studies have shown that the reaction has a wide applicable temperature range, high and stable discharge electromotive force, high energy density, safety and environmental protection, slow self-discharge, and a service life of more than 10 years. The functionalized fluorinated graphite was prepared using the mixed gas of fluorine and helium at different temperatures, and the fluorinated graphite with fluorine-to-carbon ratios of 0.89, 0.66 and 0.47 were prepared. The results show that the fluorinated graphite with the best performance has a fluorine-to-carbon ratio of 0.47, and its discharge voltage can reach up to 2.8V. The prepared fluorinated graphite with a fluorine-to-carbon ratio of 0.89 has a specific capacity of 721mA/g. (3) Hydrophobic and oil-proof material Due to the introduction of fluorine atoms, the surface Gibbs free energy of fluorinated graphite is significantly reduced, and the interlayer energy is very small, and it is not wetted by water at all. Graphite fluoride is one of the most hydrophobic materials due to its strong covalentness and low polarization of C-F bond. For example, the contact angle of water on paraffin wax is 90°-100°. Even the most difficult-to-lubricate PTFE, its contact angle is only about 110°, while the contact angle of water to graphite fluoride is as high as about 145° , So fluorinated graphite can be used as a high-performance water repellent or hydrophobic material. (4) Fluorinated graphite fiber heat dissipation material The fluorinated graphite fiber made by the reaction of fluorine gas and graphite fiber can be used to make the heat dissipation material of electronic tester. (5) Sound-absorbing materials Graphite fluoride can be coated on the surface of organic matter to make sound-absorbing materials, which can be used in internal combustion engines and other exhaust emissions to reduce noise pollution. (6) Release agent and abrasive The low surface energy of graphite fluoride enables it to be used as a mold release agent for molding, plywood molding, powder molding, sintering and fine pressing, and plastic metal molds, and as an abrasive for the grinding of optical devices. (7) Positive electrode additives for alkaline zinc-manganese batteries Graphite fluoride can also be used as a positive electrode additive for alkaline zinc-manganese batteries. Graphite fluoride can significantly increase the discharge capacity of the battery. The best additive content is 5%. Graphite fluoride with different degrees of fluorination can increase the discharge capacity of the battery. It is also different. The best effect is when the fluorine content is 35%.

According to market feedback, new energy vehicles are the one with the most attention. They perfectly reflect the combination of technological attributes and consumer attributes, and there is a relatively large room for growth. From last year to now, the fundamentals of the new energy industry have been maintained in a very good state, and in the long run, this is also a very certain track. No matter when you look at it, the new energy sector is worth configuring. . Of course, the investment cycle can be extended as appropriate, and new energy is a track worthy of our attention and configuration at any point in time. New energy vehicles already have product capabilities that can be promoted on a large scale. Mainly reflected in the following two aspects: 01.From the perspective of cost performance, the full life cycle use value has reached parity with ordinary fuel vehicles. For example, if you buy Model 3 or Model Y or Weilai, the price is already advantageous and even cheaper. That is, from the perspective of cost performance, new energy vehicles have the foundation to replace traditional fuel vehicles. 02.From the perspective of intelligence, the driving experience has been greatly improved. Many people test drive new energy vehicles. Once the test drive is completed, they will basically turn to powder. The driving experience can be said to subvert the traditional fuel vehicle. The entire design concept is Like a big toy, it is built around the driving experience, and the attributes of the consumer side will be stronger. Based on the above two points, we can conclude that the trend of new energy vehicles to replace traditional fuel vehicles in the future is very strong.

In 800, the Italian physicist Alessandro Volt invented the first battery in human history-the Volt pile. This initial battery made of zinc sheets (anode) and copper sheets (cathode) and paper sheets (electrolyte) soaked in salt water proves the possibility of artificial manufacture of electricity. Since then, the battery has experienced more than 200 years of development as a device that can provide continuous and stable current, and continues to meet people's needs for flexible use of electricity. In recent years, with the huge demand for the use of renewable energy and the increasing attention to environmental pollution, secondary batteries (rechargeable batteries or accumulators) represented by lithium batteries-this type of energy that can convert other forms of energy Electric energy, and energy storage technology, which is stored in the form of chemical energy in advance, continues to innovate the energy system. The growth of lithium batteries shows the progress of society from another side. In fact, whether it is mobile phones, computers, cameras, or electric vehicles, the rapid development is based on the maturity of lithium battery technology. The birth of lithium batteries The battery has positive and negative poles. The positive electrode is also the cathode, which is usually made of more stable materials, while the negative electrode is the anode, which is usually made of "higher activity" metal materials. The positive and negative electrodes are separated by an electrolyte, and electrical energy is stored in the two electrodes in the form of chemical energy. The chemical reaction between the two poles produces ions and electrons. The ions are transferred inside the battery and force the electrons to pass outside the battery to form a loop, thereby generating electricity. In the 1970s, the oil crisis broke out in the United States, coupled with new requirements for power supplies in the military, aviation, and medicine fields, which promoted the exploration of rechargeable batteries to store renewable clean energy. Among all metals, the specific gravity of lithium is extremely small and the electrode potential is extremely low. In other words, in theory, the lithium battery system can obtain the maximum energy density. Therefore, lithium has naturally entered the vision of battery designers. However, due to the high activity of lithium, it may react violently when encountering water or air to burn and explode. Therefore, how to "tame" lithium has become the key to battery development. In addition, lithium easily reacts with water at room temperature. If lithium metal is to be used in the battery system, the introduction of non-aqueous electrolyte is very critical. In 1958, Harris proposed the use of organic electrolytes as the electrolyte for metal galvanic batteries. In 1962, Chilton Jr. and Cook from Lockheed Missile and SpaceCo. of the US military put forward the idea of a "lithium non-aqueous electrolyte system". Chilton and Cook designed a new type of battery using lithium metal as the negative electrode, Ag, Cu, Ni and other halides as the positive electrode, and low melting point metal salt LiC1-AlCl3 dissolved in propylene carbonate as the electrolyte. Although many problems of the battery make it remain conceptual and fail to be commercialized, the work of Chilton and Cook opened the prelude to the research of lithium batteries. In 1970, Japan's Matsushita Electric Company and the US military independently synthesized a new type of cathode material-carbon fluoride almost simultaneously. Matsushita Electric successfully prepared a crystalline carbon fluoride with the molecular expression (CFx)n (0.5≤x≤1) and used it as the positive electrode of a lithium primary battery. The invention of lithium fluoride primary battery is an important step in the history of lithium battery development. For the first time, "intercalation compound" was introduced into the design of lithium battery. However, in order to achieve reversible charging and discharging of lithium batteries, the key lies in the reversibility of chemical reactions. At that time, most non-rechargeable batteries used lithium negative electrodes and organic electrolytes. Therefore, in order to realize rechargeable batteries, scientists began to work on reversible intercalation of lithium ions into layered transition metal sulfide positive electrodes. Stanley Whittingham of ExxonMobil found that using layered TiS2 as the cathode material to measure the intercalation chemistry can achieve reversible charge and discharge, and the discharge product is LiTiS2. In 1976, the battery developed by Whittingham achieved good primary efficiency. However, after repeated charging and discharging several times, because lithium dendrites are formed inside the battery, the dendrites grow from the negative electrode to the positive electrode, forming a short circuit, causing the risk of igniting the electrolyte and ultimately failing. In addition, in 1989, due to a fire accident in the Li/Mo2 secondary battery, with the exception of a few companies, most companies withdrew from the development of lithium metal secondary batteries. Because of unsolvable safety issues, the development of lithium metal secondary batteries has basically stopped. In view of the ineffectiveness of various improvements, research on lithium metal secondary batteries has stalled. In the end, the researchers chose a subversive solution, that is, a rocking chair battery, where the positive and negative electrodes of the lithium secondary battery are all served by intercalation compounds. In the 1980s, Goodenough was studying the structure of layered LiCoO2 and LiNiO2 cathode materials at Oxford University in the United Kingdom. In the end, the researchers achieved reversible deintercalation of more than half of the lithium from the cathode material. This achievement finally gave birth to the birth of lithium-ion batteries. In 1991, Sony introduced the first commercial lithium-ion battery (graphite anode, lithium compound cathode, and lithium salt dissolved in organic solvent as the electrode solution). Due to the characteristics of high energy density and different formulations of lithium batteries that can adapt to different use environments, lithium batteries are finally commercialized and widely used in the market. Power battery for the future Relying on the advantages of high energy density and high safety, lithium-ion batteries began to run wildly, quickly leaving other secondary batteries behind. In just over ten years, lithium-ion batteries have completely occupied the consumer electronics market and expanded to the field of electric vehicles, achieving remarkable achievements. At this stage, lithium-ion batteries have become the most important power source for electric vehicles, and their development has undergone three generations of technology. Among them, the lithium cobalt oxide cathode is the first generation, lithium manganate and lithium iron phosphate are the second generation, and the ternary technology is the third generation. With the development of positive and negative materials in the direction of higher gram capacity and the gradual maturity and improvement of safety technologies, higher energy density cell technology is moving from the laboratory to industrialization and applied to more scenarios. At present, from mobile phones and digital products to electric vehicles and ships, lithium-ion batteries have played an increasingly important role in our lives.

The main components of lithium-ion batteries: (1)Positive electrode-the active material mainly refers to lithium cobaltate, lithium manganate, lithium iron phosphate, lithium nickelate, lithium nickel cobalt manganate, etc. The conductive current collector generally uses aluminum foil with a thickness of 10--20 microns; (2) Diaphragm-a special plastic film that allows lithium ions to pass through, but it is an electronic insulator. At present, there are mainly two types of PE and PP and their combination. There is also a type of inorganic solid diaphragm, such as alumina diaphragm coating is a kind of inorganic solid diaphragm; (3) Negative electrode-active material mainly refers to graphite, lithium titanate, or carbon materials with a similar graphite structure. The conductive current collector generally uses copper foil with a thickness of 7-15 microns; (4) Electrolyte-generally an organic system, such as a carbonate solvent with lithium hexafluorophosphate dissolved in it, and some polymer batteries use gel-like electrolyte; (5) Battery case-mainly divided into hard case (steel case, aluminum case, nickel-plated iron case, etc.) and soft case (aluminum plastic film). When the battery is charged, lithium ions are extracted from the positive electrode and inserted in the negative electrode, and vice versa during discharge. This requires an electrode to be in a lithium-intercalation state before assembly. Generally, a lithium-intercalation transition metal oxide with a potential greater than 3V relative to lithium and stable in the air is selected as the positive electrode, such as LiCoO2, LiNiO2, LiMn2O4. As the material of the negative electrode, choose the intercalable lithium compound whose potential is as close as possible to the lithium potential. For example, various carbon materials include natural graphite, synthetic graphite, carbon fiber, mesosphere carbon, etc. and metal oxides, including SnO, SnO2, and SnO2. Tin composite oxide SnBxPyOz (x=0.4~0.6, y=0.6~0.4, z=(2+3x+5y)/2) etc. The electrolyte adopts a mixed solvent system of LiPF6 ethylene carbonate (EC), propylene carbonate (PC) and low-viscosity diethyl carbonate (DEC) and other alkyl carbonates. The diaphragm adopts polyolefin microporous membranes such as PE, PP or their composite membranes, especially the PP/PE/PP three-layer membrane not only has a lower melting point, but also has a higher puncture resistance, which plays a role in heat insurance. The shell is made of steel or aluminum, and the cover assembly has the function of explosion-proof and power-off. Characteristics of lithium iron phosphate batteries 1. Super long life The cycle life of a long-life lead-acid battery is about 300 times, the highest is 500 times, while the cycle life of a lithium iron phosphate power battery is more than 2000 times, and the standard charge (5 hour rate) use can reach 2000 times. Lead-acid batteries of the same quality are "new half a year, half a year old, and half a year for maintenance", which can take up to 1 to 1.5 years, while lithium iron phosphate batteries will reach 7 to 8 years when used under the same conditions. Comprehensive consideration, the performance-price ratio will be more than 4 times that of lead-acid batteries. 2. Safe to use Lithium iron phosphate completely solves the safety hazards of lithium cobalt oxide and lithium manganese oxide. Lithium cobalt oxide and lithium manganese oxide will explode in a strong collision and pose a threat to consumers` life and safety, while lithium iron phosphate has undergone strict The safety test will not produce an explosion even in the worst traffic accidents. High current 2C can be quickly charged and discharged. With a dedicated charger, the battery can be fully charged within 40 minutes of 1.5C charging, and the starting current can reach 2C. Lead-acid batteries do not have this performance now. 3. High temperature resistance The peak value of lithium iron phosphate electric heating can reach 350 ℃-500 ℃, while lithium manganese oxide and lithium cobalt oxide are only around 200 ℃. Wide operating temperature range (-20C--+75C), with high temperature resistance, lithium iron phosphate electric heating peak can reach 350 ℃-500 ℃, while lithium manganate and lithium cobalt oxide are only around 200 ℃. 4. Capacity It has a larger capacity than ordinary batteries (lead-acid, etc.). Rechargeable batteries work under conditions that are often fully charged and not discharged, and their capacity will quickly fall below the rated capacity. This phenomenon is called the memory effect. Like nickel-metal hydride and nickel-cadmium batteries, there is memory, but lithium iron phosphate batteries do not have this phenomenon. No matter what state the battery is in, it can be charged and used at any time without having to discharge it before charging. The volume of a lithium iron phosphate battery of the same specification and capacity is 2/3 of the volume of a lead-acid battery and its weight is 1/3 of that of a lead-acid battery. The battery does not contain any heavy metals and rare metals (the nickel-hydrogen battery requires rare metals), non-toxic (SGS certification), non-polluting, in line with European RoHS regulations, and is an absolute green battery certificate. 5. No memory effect The performance of lithium power batteries mainly depends on the anode and cathode materials. Lithium iron phosphate has only appeared in recent years as a lithium battery material. The domestic development of large-capacity lithium iron phosphate batteries was in July 2005. Its safety performance and cycle life are unmatched by other materials, and these are also the most important technical indicators of power batteries. 1C charging and discharging cycle life is up to 2000 times. Single-cell battery will not burn or explode when overcharged at 30V. Lithium iron phosphate cathode materials make large-capacity lithium batteries easier to use in series. To meet the needs of frequent charging and discharging of electric vehicles. It has the advantages of non-toxic, non-polluting, good safety performance, wide source of raw materials, low price and long life. It is an ideal cathode material for a new generation of lithium batteries. The positive electrode of the lithium battery is lithium iron phosphate material. This new material is not the previous lithium battery cathode material LiCoO2; LiMn2O4; LiNiMO2. Its safety performance and cycle life are unmatched by other materials, and these are also the most important technical indicators of power batteries. 1C charging and discharging cycle life is up to 2000 times. Single-cell battery will not burn or explode if the overcharge voltage is 30V. Piercing does not explode. Lithium iron phosphate cathode material makes it easier to connect in series to make large-capacity lithium batteries. Adopting a new generation of electric vehicles with a new type of lithium iron phosphate battery as its power core has many characteristics and advantages: 1. The security is high The lithium iron phosphate battery will not explode even if it is thrown into the fire. The high temperature stability can reach 400-500°C, which ensures the inherent high safety of the battery; it will not explode or burn due to overcharge, high temperature, short circuit, or impact. After strict safety testing, there will be no explosion even in the worst traffic accidents. 2. Long life and low cost As a power battery, the service life (cycle performance) is closely related to the overall cost of use. Compared with the cycle life of an ordinary lithium battery of about 500 times, the lithium iron phosphate battery can be charged and discharged for 1500 cycles at room temperature, and the capacity retention rate is 95%. Above, and the cycle life of 50% capacity has reached more than 2000 times, the battery's continuous mileage life is more than 500,000 kilometers, and it can be used for about five years, which is 8 times that of lead-acid batteries and 3 times that of nickel-hydrogen batteries, which is cobalt. About 4 times that of lithium-acid batteries. In addition, the manufacturing cost itself is lower than that of ordinary lithium batteries, which will undoubtedly greatly reduce the use and maintenance costs of electric vehicles.

1. Energy storage technology classification According to the different forms of energy storage, energy storage in a broad sense includes three types: electric energy storage, thermal energy storage and hydrogen energy storage. At present, the most common and widely used one is electrical energy storage, which can be subdivided into electrochemical energy storage and mechanical energy storage. 2. Analysis of Industry Chain The upstream of energy storage is the basic material of the battery, the midstream is the energy storage manufacturing end, and the downstream is the energy storage application end. The upstream mainly includes the production of raw materials such as positive and negative materials, separators, electrolytes, and electronic components. Among them, the positive electrode material determines the properties of the battery, and the value is relatively high, reaching 40%. In recent years, based on the rapid development of the new energy industry, the battery industry, especially lithium batteries, is also developing rapidly. Companies in the battery material industry have sprung up, with scattered market shares and fierce competition. In addition, the price of lithium batteries has fallen and profits have increased. The speed has also declined. The midstream mainly includes energy storage batteries, battery management systems, energy management systems, energy storage converters, and system integration services. Among them, the value of energy storage batteries accounts for 60%, and the largest proportion of profit distribution in the industry chain. The gross profit margin is between 30% and 40%. This is mainly because of the high technical barriers and the quality of the batteries will directly affect the entire energy storage system. Operating efficiency, operating cost and safety. At this stage, the market's leading companies have initially appeared, and the competitive landscape has gradually increased. In terms of shipments, CATL's share has increased to 14%, and shipments have become the largest in China. The value of energy storage converters accounts for 20%, and the current profit level remains at a high level. Its core is to convert the direct current generated by renewable energy into alternating current. At this stage, the domestic technology is relatively mature, and the market competition pattern has been Relatively stable, the growth rate of this business is expected to slow down in the later period. The integrated energy storage system is a highly integrated business, including the operation, maintenance, and recovery of the energy storage system. For enterprises, it is easy to use, but the difficulty lies in how to control costs and operate efficiently and safely. At present, a few companies that entered the market early are still in the leading position in the industry, such as Sungrow Power Supply and Haibo Sitron. The downstream application scenarios are mainly divided into power generation side, grid side and user side. The power generation side is mainly used to absorb large-scale excess photovoltaic and wind power. The grid side is mainly used to maintain stable operation during peak power consumption, while the user side is used to manage time-of-use electricity prices. The three most widely used scenarios are power systems, automobiles and households. 3. Application of energy storage Speaking of energy storage technology may be difficult to understand, but the application of energy storage is already everywhere. One of the most common applications around us is power peak shaving. As far as household load is concerned, it is generally the low power consumption during the day and the peak power consumption at night. For commerce and industry, it is the peak power consumption during the day and the low power consumption at night. For large generator sets, once the equipment is started, it cannot be stopped casually. New energy power generation is unstable and changes at any time. The energy storage system can store the surplus energy when the power consumption is low, and release it when the power consumption is peak, smoothing the overall power consumption level. Another most common application is electric vehicles. The meaning of electric vehicles to the power industry is "mobile batteries mounted on wheels." Each electric vehicle has a battery capacity of 40 to 100 kWh, which is five to ten times that of general household battery energy storage systems. Like stationary household batteries, electric vehicles connected to the grid through charging piles can not only store electricity, but also send it to the grid as needed. For example, going home after work in the afternoon to charge the car can make the system fully charged before the next morning. The system can then allocate the time required for charging and use the remaining part to help regulate the stability of the grid. The core advantage of the battery is that it can absorb and release a large amount of electricity in a short time, which makes it an ideal tool for providing auxiliary services to the grid. On the one hand, the power grid can be stabilized, and on the other hand, the charging time can be adjusted to avoid the peak power time.

In the past, due to the small size of the energy storage industry and the fact that it has not yet entered the full economic point of time, the energy storage business of various companies has a relatively low share of the energy storage business and the business volume is small. In recent years, with the reduction of industrial costs and the promotion of demand, the energy storage business Make rapid progress. Generalized energy storage includes three types: electric energy storage, thermal energy storage and hydrogen energy storage, of which electric energy storage is the main one. Electric energy storage is divided into electrochemical energy storage and mechanical energy storage. Electrochemical energy storage is currently the most widely used electric energy storage technology with the greatest potential for development. It is less affected by geographical conditions, short construction period, and economical. Advantage. In terms of structural types, electrochemical energy storage mainly includes lithium-ion batteries, lead storage batteries, and sodium-sulfur batteries. Lithium-ion energy storage batteries have the characteristics of long life, high energy density, and strong environmental adaptability. As the commercialization route matures and costs continue to decrease, lithium-ion batteries are gradually replacing low-priced lead storage batteries, which are superior in performance. In the cumulative electrochemical energy storage installed capacity from 2000 to 2019, lithium-ion batteries accounted for 87%, which has become the mainstream technology route. Lithium-ion batteries can be classified into consumption, power and energy storage batteries according to their application fields. The mainstream battery types of energy storage batteries include lithium iron phosphate batteries and ternary lithium batteries. With the solution of the energy density problem of lithium iron phosphate batteries, the proportion of lithium iron phosphate batteries has increased year by year. Lithium iron phosphate battery has strong thermal stability and high structural stability of the positive electrode material. Its safety and cycle life are better than ternary lithium batteries, and it does not contain precious metals. It has a comprehensive cost advantage and is more in line with the requirements of energy storage systems. my country's electrochemical energy storage is currently mainly based on lithium batteries, and its development is relatively mature. Its cumulative installed capacity accounts for more than half of the total installed capacity of my country's chemical energy storage market. According to GGII data, China's energy storage battery market shipments in 2020 will be 16.2GWh, an increase of 71% year-on-year, of which electric energy storage is 6.6GWh, accounting for 41%, and communication energy storage is 7.4GWh, accounting for 46%. Others include urban rail transit. Lithium batteries for energy storage in transportation, industry and other fields. GGII predicts that China's energy storage battery shipments will reach 68GWh by 2025, and the CAGR will exceed 30% from 2020 to 2025. #Storage Battery# Energy storage batteries focus on battery capacity, stability and life, and consider battery module consistency, battery material expansion rate and energy density, electrode material performance uniformity and other requirements to achieve a longer life and lower cost, and the number of cycles of energy storage batteries The life span is generally required to be greater than 3500 times. From the perspective of application scenarios, energy storage batteries are mainly used in peak and frequency modulation power auxiliary services, renewable energy grid-connected, micro-grid and other fields. The 5G base station is the core basic equipment of the 5G network. Generally, macro base stations and micro base stations are used together. Since the energy consumption is several times that of the 4G period, a lithium energy storage system with higher energy density is required. Among them, energy storage batteries can be used in the macro base station. Acting as an emergency power supply for base stations and taking on the role of peak-shaving and valley-filling, power upgrades and lead-to-lithium replacement are the general trend. For business models such as thermal power distribution and shared energy storage, system optimization and control strategies are also important factors that cause economic differences between projects. Energy storage is an interdisciplinary subject, and overall solution vendors that understand energy storage, power grids, and transactions are expected to stand out in the subsequent competition. Analysis of Energy Storage Battery Industry Chain In the composition of the energy storage system, the battery is the most important part of the energy storage system. According to BNEF statistics, battery costs account for more than 50% of energy storage systems. The cost of the energy storage battery system is composed of integrated costs such as batteries, structural parts, BMS, cabinets, auxiliary materials, and manufacturing costs. Batteries account for about 80% of the cost, and the cost of Pack (including structural parts, BMS, cabinet, auxiliary materials, manufacturing costs, etc.) accounts for about 20% of the cost of the entire battery pack. As sub-industries with high technical complexity, batteries and BMS have relatively high technical barriers. The core barriers are battery cost control, safety, SOC (State of Charge) management, and balance control. The production process of the energy storage battery system is divided into two sections. In the battery module production section, the cells that have passed the inspection are assembled into battery modules through tab cutting, cell insertion, tab shaping, laser welding, module packaging, etc.; in the system assembly section, they pass the inspection The battery modules and BMS circuit boards are assembled into the finished system, and then enter the finished product packaging link after primary inspection, high temperature aging and secondary inspection. The value of energy storage is not only the economics of the project itself, but also comes from the benefits of system optimization. According to the "Guiding Opinions on Accelerating the Development of New Energy Storage (Draft for Solicitation of Comments)", the status of energy storage as an independent market entity is expected to be confirmed. After the economics of the energy storage project itself approach the investment threshold, the energy storage system control and quotation strategy Significantly affect the income of ancillary services. The current electrochemical energy storage system is still in the early stage of development, the product and construction standards are not yet perfect, and the storage assessment policy is still to be launched. As costs continue to fall and commercial applications become more mature, the advantages of electrochemical energy storage technology have become more apparent and have gradually become the mainstream of new energy storage installations. In the future, as the scale effect of the lithium battery industry further manifests, there is still a large room for cost reduction and broad development prospects.

There are four main raw materials for a power battery, which are positive electrode material, negative electrode material, electrolyte and separator. 1. Cathode material 1kWh power battery needs about 2.3~2.5kg of cathode material. The cathode material accounted for the largest proportion of the cost of power batteries, reaching 28.27%. The cost of the cathode material is mainly composed of lithium carbonate and various corresponding precursor materials. Among them, the price trend of lithium carbonate shows a phased upward trend. The precursor material mainly depends on the price of related resources. The lithium iron phosphate route will be affected by the price of iron ore although it is not large but cannot be ignored, while the ternary material mainly depends on the price. The price of nickel, cobalt and manganese. 2. Anode material 1kWh power battery needs about 1.3~1.4kg of anode material. The negative electrode material accounts for 6.85% of the cost of the power battery. The resource required for the manufacture of the negative electrode material is graphite, and the largest application field of graphite resources is steel smelting. 3. The amount of electrolyte varies greatly depending on the positive electrode material used. In a 1kWh power battery, there are 1.2kg, 1.6kg, and 2.16kg. Take the lithium iron phosphate battery as an example, the electrolyte accounts for 7.93% of the battery manufacturing cost. The electrolyte is mainly composed of solute (lithium hexafluorophosphate), solvents and additives. Among them, the preparation materials of lithium hexafluorophosphate are mainly lithium carbonate and corresponding fluorine products. From the development trend, the price of lithium hexafluorophosphate will still have room for increase. 4. Diaphragm. Different power battery products also have great differences in the amount of diaphragm materials. Taking a representative company as an example, AESC`s lithium manganate battery uses about 12.5 square meters of diaphragm for a 1kWh power battery. LG Chem`s [lithium manganate + three Yuan" battery is close to 19 square meters, while BYD`s lithium iron phosphate battery needs 23.5 square meters. Taking lithium iron phosphate batteries as an example, the separator accounts for 7.67% of the battery manufacturing cost. What needs to be noted is the housing cover. Although it is not a key material, with the sharp decline in the price of key materials in recent years, the cost of the relatively more price-rigid shell cover has increased significantly. At present, the cost of this piece has reached a high of 14.82%, which has reached the point where it cannot be ignored. Of course, in addition to the above materials, there are the binder PVDF, solvent NMP, collector aluminum foil for the positive electrode, and the binder CMC, solvent deionized water, and collector copper foil for the negative electrode. Power battery raw materials such as aluminum belt and nickel belt. However, these materials account for only 9.09% of the cost of power batteries.

Lithium batteries help rebuild the value of the electricity market From a market perspective, the binding of lithium batteries to the market is getting stronger and stronger, charging piles and power stations can be seen everywhere, and the binding of infrastructure construction also allows lithium batteries to have advantages that other industries do not have. Even if there are products with similar cost performance to lithium batteries in the future, the country needs to consider the cost and consequences of policy replacement, not to mention lithium batteries. In the past 10 years, the energy density has increased by 2-3 times and the cost has been reduced by 80%. According to the background of large-scale applications in the future, the growth rate of this industry should be able to match the speed of social and national development, which is a mutually beneficial situation. Another point is that lithium batteries have a win-win business model, which is V2G. The only people affected should be the vested interests of traditional electricity, but these people do not make money, but want to make money on a different track. The market-oriented reform of the power system has reached a mature stage. In the past, electricity bills had to be collected manually. At that time, only unified pricing was suitable for people's living standards, but now the electricity bill has been transferred to the Internet. According to data released by Alipay in 2016, Alipay`s living expenses have covered 90% of Chinese households. I believe that by now, this number should be higher. At the same time, tiered prices have been implemented in many cities for many years, and commercial peak-valley prices have also been implemented for many years, laying the foundation for the popularization of peak-valley prices and differentiated pricing in the whole society. The future model is also clear. Consumers use electricity butlers, who can formulate electricity consumption strategies according to users' electricity consumption habits, so as to maximize the benefits. Electric vehicles can reverse charge the grid through charging piles to obtain electricity price differences. Automatic control. Electricity companies can make money through power management software, or they can make money for dispatching by building their own energy storage power stations. In short, the new model can create new demand, and the new demand is greater than the old demand. It is a win-win situation for all parties, so lithium power is recognized by the market. Consumers' views on lithium batteries have been formed Finally, there are consumers. Can consumers accept lithium batteries? I think the answer is yes. Our country's energy concept is based on coal and petroleum. I still remember the story of Wang Jinxi, the iron man in Daqing Oilfield, when he was a child, knowing that oil extraction is not easy. Now because the oil supply has been relatively stable and the power system infrastructure is complete, there is basically no power outage. Therefore, the energy concept of post-90s and post-00s is in a semi-vacuum state, and the perception is relatively low. With the peak of carbon and the popularization of carbon neutral knowledge, the energy concept of the new era can be instilled into the public, and lithium batteries are more easily accepted by people. This can be seen from the popularity of new energy vehicles. After the second half of last year, personal demand for new energy vehicles was very strong. In the first quarter of this year, future sales increased by 423% year-on-year, Xiaopeng increased by 487% year-on-year, and the ideal growth rate was 334%. The explosion of this demand is a deeper recognition of lithium batteries. A car not only represents a car buyer, but also a family. Therefore, the base number of electric vehicles multiplied by 5 should not be underestimated. In summary, the development of lithium batteries has gained momentum, which is difficult to form, but once it is formed, it is not easy to change. Many people may say that hydrogen energy can be subverted, but the safety boundary of hydrogen energy is too small. Especially since China is a socialist country, the safety of citizens and property is the top priority. Regardless of the cost of hydrogen, the safety of hydrogen stations makes it difficult to spread in cities. Who wants such an untimely bomb at the door of the house? Of course, lithium battery is not a perfect product at present, and there are still many areas for improvement, but it can match the development of the times and adapt to the development of human society in the future. I think the prosperity of lithium battery can lead at least half a century, just like the oil age.

Energy storage lithium battery pack: It is a power source that uses lithium batteries as energy storage. It is a primary battery that uses lithium metal or lithium alloy as the negative electrode material and uses a non-aqueous electrolyte solution. Lithium iron phosphate battery packs are more common. Power lithium battery: Power lithium battery refers to the battery that provides power for transportation. It is generally used in electric vehicles, electric trains, electric bicycles, and golf carts compared to small batteries that provide energy for portable electronic devices. Power battery. The difference between energy storage lithium battery pack and power lithium battery: 1. Different application industries Energy storage lithium battery application industry: power storage power station, mobile communication power supply, new energy storage power supply, aerospace military power supply, solar power generation equipment and wind power generation equipment, etc. The main application range of lithium battery pack: ●Small computer room ●Weak current room and other room sub-systems ●New energy outdoor site; ●Communication base station ●Indoor and outdoor non-air-conditioned sites Power lithium battery application: ●The automobile and motorcycle industries mainly provide electrical energy for the ignition of the engine and the use of on-board electronic equipment; ●Industrial power system, used for power transmission and substation, providing closing current for power unit, providing backup power for public facilities and power for communication; ●In the electric vehicle and electric bicycle industry, instead of gasoline and diesel, there are mainly new energy vehicles, which are used as driving power sources for electric vehicles or electric bicycles. 2. The hardware logic structure of the lithium battery energy storage management system is different Lithium battery pack energy storage management system, the scale of the energy storage system is very large, the hardware generally adopts a two-tier or three-tier model, and the larger scale tends to be a three-tier management system; Power lithium battery management system. The power battery system is in a high-speed electric vehicle. It has higher requirements on the battery's power response speed and power characteristics, SOC estimation accuracy, and the number of state parameter calculations. There is only one layer of centralized or two distributed layers, and there is basically no three-layer situation. Small cars mainly use a layer of centralized battery management system. Two-tier distributed power battery management system. 3. Different types of lithium batteries used Energy storage lithium battery packs mainly use lithium iron phosphate batteries, because lithium iron phosphate batteries are superior to other batteries in terms of safety, environmental protection, size, and weight. More energy storage power stations use lead-acid batteries and lead-carbon batteries. Power lithium battery The current mainstream battery types for electric vehicles are lithium iron phosphate batteries and ternary lithium batteries. There are more possibilities in terms of choice. Security is not very stable either. 4, the capacity and volume requirements are different Energy storage lithium batteries are mainly used for power and require high output power. The lithium battery pack is small in size and light in weight. The energy density of lithium batteries is 3 to 4 times that of lead-acid batteries, 2.5 times that of nickel-cadmium batteries, and 1.8 times that of nickel-hydrogen batteries. Power lithium batteries are mainly used for energy storage, with large capacity requirements, long life requirements, and low self-discharge. The power tool battery has a small capacity and does not need to provide high-power output. 5, the current use range is different Power lithium batteries are generally used in equipment that requires high current discharge (3C-5C), and the damage to the battery is relatively small. Energy storage lithium batteries are used in low current equipment (usually 0.5-1C discharge range). About the difference between energy storage lithium battery pack and power lithium battery, I believe you all understand it. In short, the lithium batteries used in new energy vehicles are all power lithium batteries, and the rest of UPS power supplies, computer rooms, data centers, energy storage power stations, etc. use energy storage lithium batteries. This must be selected according to different industries.

What is the difference between a lithium battery and a storage battery? Lithium battery: Lithium battery is a type of battery that uses lithium metal or lithium alloy as negative electrode material and uses non-aqueous electrolyte solution. Due to the very active chemical properties of lithium metal, the processing, storage and use of lithium metal have very high environmental requirements. Lithium batteries can be roughly divided into two categories: lithium metal batteries and lithium ion batteries. Storage battery: The storage battery is also called the secondary battery. It is a device that directly converts chemical energy into electrical energy. It is a rechargeable battery designed to be recharged through a reversible chemical reaction. It usually refers to a lead-acid battery. After discharging, the internal active material can be regenerated by charging. Analysis of the difference between lithium battery and storage battery: 1. Weight energy density The current energy density of lithium batteries is generally 200-260wh/g, and the battery is generally 50-70wh/g, so the weight energy density of lithium batteries is 3-5 times that of batteries, which means that under the same capacity, the battery is lithium 3-5 times the battery, so in the lightweight of energy storage devices, lithium batteries occupy an absolute advantage. 2. Volume energy density The volume capacity density of lithium batteries is usually about 1.5 times that of batteries, so under the same capacity, the volume of lithium batteries is about 30% smaller than that of batteries. 3. Service life At present, the more popular material systems are ternary and iron-lithium. The cycle times of ternary power lithium batteries are usually more than 1,000 times, the cycle times of lithium iron phosphate batteries are more than 2,000 times, and the cycle times of batteries are usually only about 300-350 times. , So the service life of lithium batteries is about 3-6 times that of batteries. 4. Price At present, lithium batteries are more expensive than batteries in terms of price, about 3 times, but combined with service life analysis, the same cost is still invested, and the life cycle of lithium batteries is still longer. 5. Applicability Because the safety of lithium batteries is slightly worse than that of batteries, various safety precautions need to be done during use, such as preventing external forces or accidents from damaging the lithium batteries, which may cause fire or explosion; the current temperature of lithium batteries is applicable The performance is also very good, so in other aspects of adaptability, lithium batteries are not inferior to batteries. 6. Use occasions Lithium batteries: mobile phones, computers, power tools, UPS power supplies, etc. Battery: car start, electric car battery. 7. Security The safety of lithium batteries comes from the stability of the positive electrode material and the reliable safety design. Lithium iron phosphate completely solves the safety hazards of lithium cobalt oxide and lithium manganate. Lead-acid batteries will explode under strong collisions, while iron phosphate Lithium has passed strict safety tests and will not explode even in severe collisions. 8. Green and environmental protection Lithium iron phosphate battery does not contain any heavy metals and rare metals, is non-toxic, has no pollution in production and use, and complies with European RoHS regulations, and is a green battery. However, there is a large amount of lead in lead-acid batteries, which will still cause secondary pollution to the environment if it is improperly handled after it is discarded. 9. Operating temperature range The operating temperature range of lithium batteries is -20-60°C, and air conditioning is not required, which reduces equipment installation costs, maintenance costs, and electricity costs. The operating temperature range of lead-acid batteries is 15-35°C. 10. Discharge characteristics For the same fully charged lithium battery and accumulator, at the same temperature, using different rates of discharge current, the discharge output characteristics of the lithium battery are very stable, while the discharge output characteristics of the battery are very different, which will cause power instability. Lithium batteries are more than 3 times higher than batteries in terms of volume-to-energy and weight-to-energy. Lithium batteries also have the advantages of smaller size, lighter weight, and long cycle life. The battery efficiency is not high, and the battery pack is bulky, causing the body to be heavy and the driving range is short.

"Under the background of the current new round of industrial upgrading and technological revolution, the new materials industry will surely become the cornerstone and leader of the future development of high-tech industries, and will have a profound impact on the development of global economy, technology, environment and other fields. China is a graphite resource. A large country, it is also one of the most active countries in graphene research and application development." On October 23, 2015, President Xi Jinping talked about the development of new materials industry while visiting the National Graphene Institute at the University of Manchester, UK. In recent years, with the expansion of the new material market and the promotion of industrial capital, new material research and development results have emerged intensively. In China, more and more new material applications appear in our daily lives. The new material industry has become an investment outlet, and it is redefining the "new territory" of the material industry. China is "detonating" a new material industry revolution. In life, new materials are everywhere New materials are affecting and changing the lives of human beings, ranging from food, clothing, housing and transportation to the national economy and the people's livelihood. In the current and future key development areas, aerospace, electronic information, new energy, high-end manufacturing, etc. are inseparable from the strong support of new materials. New materials are showing their advantages in application scenarios such as new energy vehicles, functional clothing, and smart homes. Excellent performance. Among them, new materials represented by graphene have attracted much attention. Smart wearable products made of graphene are light and flexible, and can even release heat in the form of radiation. For example, heat-generating clothing made of new materials is not only "high-value", but also hidden "black technology"-as thin as silk stockings, but below zero There is no coldness at 20°C. Dongxing Securities predicts that the market size of wearable devices in China is growing steadily and is expected to reach 60.7 billion yuan in 2020. The market scale of the corresponding new material graphene film is expected to reach 40.5 billion yuan in 2020. New materials industry analysts said frankly, "Once the bottleneck of graphene's macro-preparation technology and application technology is completely broken, its market size will reach a trillion-level output value." In addition to new materials that can be used in wearable devices, new materials such as high-temperature carbon conversion electrode materials and nanocomposite materials developed are also widely used in the field of new energy vehicles. After 7 to 8 years of persistence, Li Sixing, an entrepreneur in the new materials industry, finally ushered in the "spring" of new material products from the laboratory to the market application-Hunan Yijia Zhiene New Material Technology Co., Ltd. (hereinafter referred to as " The graphene heating film developed by "Yijia Zhiene") was applied to the thermal management system of new energy vehicles for the first time, realizing a new breakthrough in the application of graphene products in this field. Green and intelligent is becoming a new trend in the development of new materials. At present, more than 80% of the insulating glass in developed countries uses LOW-E glass (also known as "low-e glass"), and its excellent heat insulation effect and good light transmittance have entered the public life; simple and even prefabricated buildings have adopted new The use of materials and new technologies can reduce the use of paint and solvents and reduce secondary pollution. In this regard, Tu Hailing, an academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering and an electronic materials expert, said, [Green and intelligent new material technology and industrialization will become the main direction of future development. While pursuing benefits, it will pay more attention to the goals of resource conservation, environmental protection, public health, and smart cities. ." New materials become a new outlet for investment The basic position of the new material industry in the economy and national defense security of developed countries in the world has been highlighted. These countries have listed new materials as one of the most important areas in the national science and technology development plan. "Developed countries have formulated relevant strategic plans and invested heavily in order to seize the strategic heights of new materials technology." On January 5, Shi Faman, co-founder of New Materials Online, said in an interview with China Economic Weekly. The Ministry of Industry and Information Technology predicts that by 2025, the total industrial output value will reach 10 trillion yuan, and maintain an average annual growth rate of 20%; by 2035, the overall strength of my country's new materials industry will leap to the forefront of the world, and the new material industry development system will be basically completed and able to Provide basic support for the realization of a manufacturing power in the middle of this century. With the globalization of the economy and the intensified trend of market internationalization, China has become a hot spot for new materials investment with its huge market potential and policy support, and the center of the world's new materials industry is further shifting to China. In 2019, the chemical giant BASF plans to invest 10 billion US dollars in Zhanjiang to build a modified engineering plastics production plant; in November 2018, the Tianjin plant of Huntsman Composites in the United States started construction, with a total investment of 130 million yuan. In addition to multinational companies that are optimistic about China's new materials market, a large number of industrial capitals have entered the new materials industry under the strong promotion of multiple favorable domestic policies. In recent years, the proposed financing of new materials has maintained rapid growth. According to New Materials Online statistics, since 2014, the number of domestic new material projects to be financed has maintained rapid growth. As of the end of 2018, the number of new material projects included has reached 3,923. Shi Faman believes that [enterprises and investment institutions are optimistic about the development prospects of the new materials industry. The influx of capital from various sources has brought stimulus effects to the new materials industry, making it present unprecedented new hotspots and new trends." At present, new materials projects are mainly focused on advanced polymer materials, high-performance fibers and composite materials and metal materials. As new materials are widely used in the fields of new energy, environmental protection, communications, aerospace, national defense and military industries, and the market demand is relatively large, the above fields have become hot projects pursued by the new materials industry. According to the research and analysis of Cerei, affected by the local economic development and entrepreneurial environment, Guangdong, Jiangsu, and Shanghai have become the top three domestic new material project clusters, and the new material project financing shows that the angel round and A round projects account for the majority of financing. Features such as large scale. Trillion scale, new materials redefine the new landscape of the industry As the basis for supporting the development of the national economy and the leader of the development of high-tech industries, the new materials industry is redefining the territory of the materials industry. According to new materials online statistics, the scale of China's new materials industry market is growing rapidly. In 2017, the scale of China's new materials industry was about 3.4 trillion yuan. It is estimated that by 2020, the scale of the new materials industry will exceed 5 trillion yuan. Experts pointed out that my country's new materials industry is showing a steady growth trend, and the advantages of lithium battery materials, semiconductor materials, graphene materials and other advantageous sub-sectors are leading the world. The performance of China's lithium battery materials industry is particularly outstanding, especially in the field of power lithium batteries. Since 2014, the global lithium-ion battery consumption has grown rapidly. It is estimated that by 2022, the global demand for lithium-ion batteries for electric vehicles will exceed 325GWh. China is currently the fastest-growing country in the world's new energy vehicle industry. It is estimated that by 2020, China's demand for power batteries will exceed 90GWh. The China Keystone Research Report predicts that China's lithium battery market will be close to 210 billion yuan in 2020, an increase of over 30%. China's semiconductor materials industry has the largest growth rate in the world. In January this year, Alibaba Dharma Academy released the "Top Ten Technology Trends in 2020". The report pointed out that under the dual pressure of the slowdown of Moore's Law and the explosion of computing power and storage demand, it is difficult for classic transistors dominated by silicon to maintain the semiconductor industry. With the continued development of the world, major semiconductor manufacturers have no clear answer to the trend of chips below 3 nanometers. The new materials will realize brand-new logic, storage and interconnection concepts and devices through brand-new physical mechanisms, and promote the innovation of the semiconductor industry. "New materials and new mechanisms will completely reshuffle the traditional semiconductor industry, including the growth of materials, the preparation of devices, and the working principles of circuits will undergo fundamental changes." The report also pointed out that from a longer-term perspective , More challenging materials and new physical mechanisms will be the key to the semiconductor industry's ability to maintain or even accelerate exponential growth. In addition, China's graphene material technology is also in line with the world's leading level, and its downstream application market has accelerated the speed of graphene industrialization. Graphene technology has been applied to the heat dissipation system of Huawei's Mate 20 X. Samsung will launch mobile phones equipped with graphene batteries in 2020 as soon as possible... CITIC Securities predicts that the graphene market will reach about 23 billion yuan by 2020. The rapid growth of the market is mainly contributed by the price of graphene powder used as a conductive agent, which will break the cost bottleneck, and the graphene conductive agent market will usher in a rapid pace. develop. Seri Research also predicts that with the reduction of graphene costs and the increase in the penetration rate of downstream applications, the compound annual growth rate of the graphene market from 2018 to 2025 will reach 37.05%. "With the rapid development of global manufacturing and high-tech industries, the market demand for new materials is increasing, and the development prospects for the new materials industry are very broad." Century Securities Research Report said.

Lithium iron phosphate batteries have been widely used because of their high safety, long cycle life, and large capacity. Various products of lithium iron phosphate batteries are also commonly used in our daily lives. Although the lithium iron phosphate battery has a greater safety performance compared to other batteries, it is based on the condition that we use it in the correct way. If we use the wrong method to use lithium battery products, such as using the wrong method and technique to charge the lithium iron phosphate battery, this is a dangerous behavior. Therefore, this time, the editor of Cuneng Electric will introduce some methods and techniques for charging lithium iron phosphate batteries. I hope it will be helpful to everyone. Before introducing charging methods and techniques, it is necessary to understand the structure and working principle of lithium iron phosphate batteries. The structure and working principle of lithium iron phosphate battery "Lithium iron phosphate battery" refers to a lithium ion battery that uses lithium iron phosphate as the positive electrode material. As the positive electrode of the battery, lithium iron phosphate is connected to the positive electrode of the battery by an aluminum foil, and a polymer separator is in the middle, which separates the positive electrode from the negative electrode, but lithium ions can pass through but electrons cannot pass. The negative electrode of the battery is composed of carbon (graphite). The copper foil is connected to the negative electrode of the battery. Between the upper and lower ends of the battery is the electrolyte of the battery, and the battery is hermetically sealed by a metal casing. When charging a lithium iron phosphate battery, the lithium ions in the positive electrode migrate to the negative electrode through the polymer separator; during the discharge process, the lithium ions in the negative electrode migrate to the positive electrode through the separator. Lithium iron phosphate battery charging methods and techniques New battery activation Because the lithium iron phosphate battery may have been placed in the warehouse for a period of time before it reaches the user, and the battery will enter the dormant state after being placed for a period of time, it needs to be activated at this time. The battery can be activated as long as 3-5 normal charge and discharge cycles are performed. Due to the characteristics of the lithium battery itself, it is determined that it has almost no memory effect. Therefore, the user does not need special methods and equipment during the activation process of the new lithium battery. It is best to use the standard method of charging from the beginning, this "natural activation" method. Usually charging Before charging starts, the charger will supply the battery with a small current, and at the same time detect the battery voltage change, and gradually increase the current until the set value. This process can be regarded as an activation or test charge. The charger charges the battery with a constant current. As the battery voltage increases, the charger increases the charging voltage at the same time to speed up the charging speed. When the battery reaches the 4.2V cut-off voltage, the battery only charges about 70% (not full) at this time. At this time, the charger continues to charge the battery with a constant voltage and a gradually decreasing current, until the value is less than 0.1A and the battery voltage continues to rise when the battery voltage continues to rise before stopping charging. When charging lithium iron phosphate batteries and related products, the charger is best to choose the original special charger. Because the original charger is the most suitable for voltage, charging speed, etc., it is also the least damage to the battery.

The iron-lithium battery energy storage system can be used as a buffer between a variety of power sources and stable power demand, and can increase the power generation capacity of unstable power sources such as wind energy and solar energy. The output power of wind power generation system oscillates due to the change of wind speed, and the energy storage system can provide stability and reactive power compensation for wind turbine output through the characteristics of fast response speed and almost equal charging and discharging cycle. At the same time, the energy storage system can adjust the voltage and control the system frequency in the off-grid power generation system. From an economic point of view, the direct consequence of uncertain power output is the decrease in customers' willingness to pay or the resulting decrease in capital credit. Configuring an energy storage system for wind turbines will fluctuate and provide stable power output to the grid, which will increase the price of wind power. Iron Lithium Battery System Components Control System The lithium iron battery energy storage system is controlled by a programmable logic controller (PLC) and a human-machine interface (HMI). One of the key functions of the PLC system is to control the charging time and rate of the energy storage system. For example: PLC can receive real time data of electricity price, and decide how to quickly recharge the battery system based on the maximum allowable electricity demand, charging status, and price comparison during peak/off-peak hours. This decision is dynamic and can be optimized according to specific circumstances. Through standardized communication input, control signal and power supply, it is integrated with the rest of the system. It can be accessed via dial-up or the Internet. It has multiple defense layers to restrict access to its different functions, and provides customized reporting and alarm functions for remote monitoring. Power Conversion System (PCS) The function of the power conversion system is to charge and discharge the battery and provide improved power supply quality, voltage support and frequency control for the local grid. It has a complex and fast action, multi-quadrant, dynamic controller (DSP), with a dedicated control algorithm, can switch the output in the entire range of the device, that is, cyclically from full power absorption to full power output. It can work normally for reactive power and any combination of active and reactive power requirements. Iron Lithium Battery Stack The stack is composed of a number of single cells. The iron-lithium battery energy storage system can economically store and provide large-scale power according to demand, and the main mode is a fixed method. It is a long-life, low-maintenance, high-efficiency technology that supports stepless expansion of power and energy storage capacity. Energy storage systems are particularly effective for renewable energy suppliers, grid companies and end users. The iron-lithium battery energy storage system can be applied to all links of the power supply value chain, which can convert intermittent renewable energy power such as wind energy and solar energy into stable power output; the most optimized solution for power supply in remote areas; The deferral of fixed investment in the power grid, and the application of peak shaving and valley filling. The energy storage system can also be used as a backup power supply for substations and communication base stations. The iron-lithium battery energy storage system is environmentally friendly and has the lowest ecological impact among all energy storage technologies. At the same time, it does not use elements such as lead or cadmium as the main reactant. Renewable Energy The iron-lithium battery energy storage system can be used as a buffer between a variety of power sources and stable power demand, and can increase the power generation capacity of unstable power sources such as wind energy and solar energy. The output power of wind power generation system oscillates due to the change of wind speed, and the energy storage system can provide stability and reactive power compensation for wind turbine output through the characteristics of fast response speed and almost equal charging and discharging cycle. At the same time, the energy storage system can adjust the voltage and control the system frequency in the off-grid power generation system. From an economic point of view, the direct consequence of uncertain power output is the decrease in customers' willingness to pay or the resulting decrease in capital credit. Configuring an energy storage system for wind turbines will fluctuate and provide stable power output to the grid, which will increase the price of wind power. Remote area power supply In sparsely populated remote areas, such as islands, diesel generators are often used as a single source of energy. Diesel generators often work at non-rated power due to changes in load, which reduces fuel efficiency by up to 30%. Configuring an energy storage system for off-grid power supply systems can effectively reduce diesel consumption, operation and maintenance costs, greenhouse gas emissions and extend the life of diesel engines. The proportion of wind power and photovoltaic power generation in the total diesel power generation is increasing. When the proportion reaches about 30%, the instability it brings will directly reduce the reliability of the local power grid, and the addition of more renewable energy should be restricted. Power generation. However, by configuring the energy storage system, the ratio can be achieved 100%, and the payback period of the project is shortened to 3 years. With the increase in fuel prices, the economy will become more significant. Communication base station The traditional battery system used in communication base stations is often used as a backup power source to ensure short-term or instant power failures of about 5-20 times a year. They do not require frequent deep charge and discharge cycles. The target market of the 5KW-8 hours deep cycle energy storage system is the communication base stations in the off-grid or weak grid area, which will enable these communication base stations to achieve repeated cycles or use hybrid systems such as wind and solar power. The energy storage system greatly reduces operating costs and diesel consumption, thereby prolonging the life of the diesel engine and reducing the sensitivity of the communication base station to environmental temperature changes. Investment deferred The iron-lithium battery energy storage system can be used to save the fixed equipment investment of the grid system; improve the utilization rate of grid equipment, reduce financial risks, avoid the occurrence of huge one-time investment and extremely low equipment utilization, and use the investment for more needs , More important occasions; reduce the use cost of end users. Other important advantages that energy storage systems can achieve in power transmission and distribution systems include: Improve service reliability and power quality through reactive power compensation and voltage regulation; Peak clipping and valley filling, storage of trough power for sale at peak times, thereby reducing the market risk of peak price fluctuations and controlling the high cost of energy imbalance; reducing line loss through local power supply, correcting power factor, and adjusting voltage; reducing line congestion, Provide smooth passage in the bottleneck part of energy supply; provide spinning reserve, reactive power, oscillation compensation and black start capability; Basic users can use valley-value power at peak power consumption, increase the value of equipment and expand capacity. cut peaks and fill valleys The energy storage system can reduce the peak energy load of users at the distribution end, which will promote the utilization of grid equipment and meet the needs of end customers. The grid load factor is thus improved. The chart below shows that the selective release of electricity during peak electricity consumption can achieve significant energy savings Smart grid Smart grid is an important part of the future developed grid management system, and energy storage technology has a huge market space in it. self-healing power transmission and distribution system In order to meet the rapidly increasing demand for electricity consumption in society, it is necessary to vigorously develop a "self-healing" power transmission and distribution system to realize automatic prediction and rapid response to disturbances, thereby continuously optimizing power quality. The EPRI Power Technology Development Route report stated that [by 2020, the demand for high-quality power will spread to all corners of the economy and society." The huge benefits of self-healing power grids include not only improving power reliability, but also continuing to improve end-customer services, reducing operating costs, and transmitting and distributing more effective power flux on the basis of the existing power network. Self-healing power grids also have a good defense against terrorist attacks. Typical goals to be achieved by self-healing power grids include: Dynamic optimization of power grid system performance, rapid response to disturbances, to minimize the negative impact of disturbances, quickly and effectively resume operations. Fully mobilize user response as an effective means to manage the grid. As the proportion of renewable energy in the grid system continues to increase, these unstable power sources will even more require smart grid and energy storage technology. A systematic approach to construct a self-healing power grid using demand-side management technology and energy storage. The self-healing power grid control system includes a series of network nodes and linear and non-linear loads. The control sensor is used to monitor the power characteristics, the control relay is used to realize the communication with the nonlinear load, and the battery energy storage system realizes the connection between the main power source and the power node. The priority recovery controller is connected to the control sensor, control relay, and battery energy storage system. It receives control signals from the control sensor, responds to detecting irregularities in the grid, and automatically starts the battery energy storage system to provide stable power for the linear load. Selectively disconnect the control relay to disconnect a certain proportion of the non-linear load.

As the temperature drops, the cruising range of new energy vehicles is more or less affected. Although the phenomenon in this industry has been accepted by consumers, how much do you know about how to effectively extend the cruising range of new energy vehicles in winter? In fact, through good car usage habits, driving a new energy car in winter can be as handy as possible. Winter endurance, battery performance is the key To extend the range of electric vehicles, first you need to know the main influencing factors. Experts explained that the cruising range of electric vehicles will decrease to a certain extent in low temperature environments. The key reason lies in the power supply principle of the power battery. When the temperature is higher, the battery`s vitality is stronger, and the battery`s charge and discharge performance is better. On the contrary, when the temperature is lower, the battery`s activity is affected and the charge and discharge performance will decrease. This is the same as when we use other electronic products in winter. reason. For example, when we travel to cold regions such as the Three Eastern Provinces in winter, we need to hold the digital camera in our arms for a while, otherwise the camera will automatically shut down and be unable to take pictures; iPhone, as the absolute overlord of the mobile phone industry, is used outdoors in winter There will also be situations such as sudden loss of power or increased power loss. On the other hand, in winter, the frequency of using air-conditioning hot air in the cabin has increased significantly, and the battery energy for heating the cabin has caused a reduction in the energy to drive the vehicle, which generally affects the cruising range in winter. The data shows that the range of the cruising range of new energy vehicles in winter is generally reduced by 10-20%, which is equivalent to about 15km-30km. It is a common normal phenomenon that the cruising capacity of other seasons is different. This is not only in my country's new energy The automobile industry also exists in the European and American giants of electric vehicle companies, and experts say that domestic companies have high levels of batteries and electrolytes, and some are even better than foreign countries. Consumers do not need to worry about the quality of their cars. Good car use habits help long-term battery life Although the current battery performance is inevitably affected in winter, with the continuous advancement of battery technology at home and abroad, the problem of battery low-temperature performance degradation will continue to be improved. As for consumers themselves, they also need to pay attention to their daily car usage habits and pay attention to the protection of batteries. Mr. Wang, the driver who has been driving for 8 years, is an electric taxi driver. During the long professional driving, Mr. Wang also summed up some of his own experience of driving new energy vehicles in winter. He mentioned that the battery performance of new energy vehicles in winter will be affected by the temperature, and charging on-the-fly is a good way to improve the performance of the power battery and extend the cruising range. For this reason, Mr. Wang has developed the habit of charging immediately after receiving the car every day, and at the same time restarting the charging 1-2 hours before leaving the car every day. Because the charging is started again, the vehicle charging system will heat up the battery, which can improve the low-temperature performance. "It should also be noted that the vehicle is charged during driving." Mr. Wang added, "The temperature of the battery of the new energy vehicle increases after a certain distance. At this time, timely charging can increase the charging speed and ensure Effective charging of the vehicle." For Mr. Wang's approach, industry experts agree that the performance of the battery is closely related to the way the car owner uses it. Good car usage habits play an important role in extending the range of electric vehicles. Based on Mr. Wang's car experience, experts have even put forward some tips that ordinary users don't know. For example, before driving, the user should turn on the warm air for 10 minutes to accelerate the increase in battery temperature, and then plug in the gun for charging, which will greatly increase the charging speed and improve the charging performance. Because the vehicle is charged when the battery temperature is low, the vehicle charging system will heat up the battery until it reaches a certain temperature, which will extend the charging time and reduce the charging performance. Owners can also try to adjust the temperature to the highest when heating, and the wind speed to 2 or 3 gears, which can save battery energy consumption while heating. This is because the warm air of a pure electric vehicle is heated by electricity. The longer the warm air is used, the faster the energy consumption will be, which will affect the cruising range to a certain extent. Ouyang Minggao, executive vice chairman of the China Electric Vehicle Association of 100, demonstrated this view from the perspective of electrochemical characteristics: batteries are electrochemical power sources, and they have many characteristics different from those of engines. There are changes in spring, summer, autumn and winter, and performance will decrease when the temperature is low. , Will affect battery life. The driving style is different, the driving range will also change. If you slam on the accelerator and the discharge rate is quite large, the amount of power released will be less. The bigger the electric vehicle, the greater the change. For example, if the Tesla is driven in a sport mode, it would have a range of 480 kilometers, but the sport mode would only have a range of more than 200 kilometers. This is the characteristic and law of the electrochemical power source itself. In addition, experts have also done research on the attenuation of batteries or vehicles during normal storage. The results show that even when the vehicle is not running and stored statically, the battery power will gradually decay. Therefore, it is necessary to correctly understand the performance of the electric vehicle and pay attention to the maintenance and use during use to achieve the most ideal cruising range.

1. Classification of electric vehicle batteries Energy crisis and environmental pollution are the two major problems facing countries in the world today. Electric vehicles have become the inevitable trend of future automobile development due to their advantages of energy saving and environmental protection. Electric vehicle batteries are the main power source of electric vehicles, accounting for 30% to 50% of the cost of electric vehicles. Electric vehicle batteries can be divided into two categories, namely storage batteries and fuel cells. Batteries are suitable for pure electric vehicles and can be classified as lead-acid batteries, nickel-based batteries (nickel-hydrogen batteries, nickel-metal hydride batteries, nickel-cadmium batteries, nickel-zinc batteries), sodium-sulfur batteries, sodium-chlorine batteries Nickel batteries, secondary lithium batteries, air batteries and other types. Fuel cells are dedicated to fuel cell electric vehicles and can be divided into alkaline fuel cells (AFC), phosphoric acid fuel cells (PAFC), molten carbonate fuel cells (MCFC), solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC), and proton exchange membranes. Fuel cell (PEMFC), direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) and other types. 2. The role of electric vehicle batteries In pure electric vehicles, the electric vehicle battery is the only power source for the vehicle drive system. In a hybrid vehicle, the battery is the main power source of the vehicle drive system at low speed and when it is started; when accelerating at full load, the battery is the auxiliary power source of the vehicle drive system; during normal driving, deceleration, and braking, the battery acts as an auxiliary power source. The role of energy storage. 3. Electric vehicle battery management system Electric vehicle batteries are a technical bottleneck restricting the scale development of electric vehicles and a key factor in the high price of electric vehicles. The performance of the electric vehicle battery management system (BMS) largely determines the cost, energy saving and safety of electric vehicles. BMS monitors the battery voltage, charge and discharge current and battery pack temperature, can estimate the remaining battery percentage (SOC) of the battery, control battery charge and discharge balance, conduct thermal management of the battery pack, and carry out CAN communication with the on-board monitoring system and charger. Realize coordinated control and optimized charging, keep the battery in the best working condition, give full play to the function of the battery, and prolong the service life of the battery. The main functions of BMS include: voltage, current, and temperature detection; SOC estimation; charge and discharge control; balance control; thermal management; safety management and CAN communication, etc. Accurate measurement of voltage and current of battery packs and single cells is the prerequisite for battery SOC estimation, charge and discharge control, balance control and safety management. Different battery packs have different charging voltages and currents. The charging currents of the same electromagnetic group or single battery at different stages are very different. The voltage and current test sensors and meters are required to maintain the necessary accuracy within a wide dynamic range, which is the BMS power. One of the technical difficulties of testing. SP series variable frequency power sensors have high-precision testing capabilities within a wide dynamic range, and are particularly suitable for voltage and current testing of electric vehicle battery management systems and charging test systems.

In 1800, the Italian physicist Alessandro Volt invented the first battery in human history-the Volt pile. This initial battery made of zinc sheets (anode) and copper sheets (cathode) and paper sheets (electrolyte) soaked in salt water proves the possibility of artificial manufacture of electricity. Since then, the battery has experienced more than 200 years of development as a device that can provide continuous and stable current, and continues to meet people's needs for flexible use of electricity. In recent years, with the huge demand for the use of renewable energy and the increasing attention to environmental pollution, secondary batteries (rechargeable batteries or accumulators) represented by lithium batteries-this type of energy that can convert other forms of energy Electric energy, and energy storage technology, which is stored in the form of chemical energy in advance, continues to innovate the energy system. The growth of lithium batteries shows the progress of society from another side. In fact, whether it is mobile phones, computers, cameras, or electric vehicles, the rapid development is based on the maturity of lithium battery technology. The birth of lithium batteries The battery has positive and negative poles. The positive electrode is also the cathode, which is usually made of more stable materials, while the negative electrode is the anode, which is usually made of "higher activity" metal materials. The positive and negative electrodes are separated by an electrolyte, and electrical energy is stored in the two electrodes in the form of chemical energy. The chemical reaction between the two poles produces ions and electrons. The ions are transferred inside the battery and force the electrons to pass outside the battery to form a loop, thereby generating electricity. In the 1970s, the oil crisis broke out in the United States, coupled with new requirements for power supplies in the military, aviation, and medicine fields, which promoted the exploration of rechargeable batteries to store renewable clean energy. Among all metals, the specific gravity of lithium is extremely small and the electrode potential is extremely low. In other words, in theory, the lithium battery system can obtain the maximum energy density. Therefore, lithium has naturally entered the vision of battery designers. However, due to the high activity of lithium, it may react violently when encountering water or air to burn and explode. Therefore, how to "tame" lithium has become the key to battery development. In addition, lithium easily reacts with water at room temperature. If lithium metal is to be used in the battery system, the introduction of non-aqueous electrolyte is very critical. In 1958, Harris proposed the use of organic electrolytes as the electrolyte for metal galvanic batteries. In 1962, Chilton Jr. and Cook from Lockheed Missile and SpaceCo. of the US military put forward the idea of a "lithium non-aqueous electrolyte system". Chilton and Cook designed a new type of battery using lithium metal as the negative electrode, Ag, Cu, Ni and other halides as the positive electrode, and low melting point metal salt LiC1-AlCl3 dissolved in propylene carbonate as the electrolyte. Although many problems of the battery make it remain conceptual and fail to be commercialized, the work of Chilton and Cook opened the prelude to the research of lithium batteries. In 1970, Japan's Matsushita Electric Company and the US military independently synthesized a new type of cathode material-carbon fluoride almost simultaneously. Matsushita Electric successfully prepared a crystalline carbon fluoride with the molecular expression (CFx)n (0.5≤x≤1) and used it as the positive electrode of a lithium primary battery. The invention of lithium fluoride primary battery is an important step in the history of lithium battery development. For the first time, "intercalation compound" was introduced into the design of lithium battery. However, in order to achieve reversible charging and discharging of lithium batteries, the key lies in the reversibility of chemical reactions. At that time, most non-rechargeable batteries used lithium negative electrodes and organic electrolytes. Therefore, in order to realize rechargeable batteries, scientists began to work on reversibly intercalating lithium ions into layered transition metal sulfide positive electrodes. Stanley Whittingham of ExxonMobil found that using layered TiS2 as the cathode material to measure the intercalation chemistry can achieve reversible charge and discharge, and the discharge product is LiTiS2. In 1976, the battery developed by Whittingham achieved good primary efficiency. However, after repeated charging and discharging several times, because lithium dendrites are formed inside the battery, the dendrites grow from the negative electrode to the positive electrode, forming a short circuit, causing the risk of igniting the electrolyte and ultimately failing. In addition, in 1989, due to a fire accident in the Li/Mo2 secondary battery, with the exception of a few companies, most companies withdrew from the development of lithium metal secondary batteries. Because of unsolvable safety issues, the development of lithium metal secondary batteries has basically stopped. In view of the ineffectiveness of various improvements, research on lithium metal secondary batteries has stalled. In the end, the researchers chose a subversive solution, that is, a rocking chair battery, where the positive and negative electrodes of the lithium secondary battery are all served by intercalation compounds. In the 1980s, Goodenough was studying the structure of layered LiCoO2 and LiNiO2 cathode materials at Oxford University in the United Kingdom. In the end, the researchers achieved reversible deintercalation of more than half of the lithium from the cathode material. This achievement finally gave birth to the birth of lithium-ion batteries. In 1991, Sony introduced the first commercial lithium-ion battery (graphite anode, lithium compound cathode, and lithium salt dissolved in organic solvent as the electrode solution). Due to the characteristics of high energy density and different formulations of lithium batteries that can adapt to different use environments, lithium batteries are finally commercialized and widely used in the market. Power battery for the future Relying on the advantages of high energy density and high safety, lithium-ion batteries began to run wildly, quickly leaving other secondary batteries behind. In just over ten years, lithium-ion batteries have completely occupied the consumer electronics market and expanded to the field of electric vehicles, achieving remarkable achievements. At this stage, lithium-ion batteries have become the most important power source for electric vehicles, and their development has undergone three generations of technology. Among them, the lithium cobalt oxide cathode is the first generation, lithium manganate and lithium iron phosphate are the second generation, and the ternary technology is the third generation. With the development of positive and negative materials in the direction of higher gram capacity and the gradual maturity and improvement of safety technologies, higher energy density cell technology is moving from the laboratory to industrialization and applied to more scenarios. At present, from mobile phones and digital products to electric cars and ships, lithium-ion batteries have played an increasingly important role in our lives. But at the same time, accidents caused by lithium battery safety issues are equally impressive. Safety accidents of lithium-ion electric vehicles occur from time to time, and electric vehicles collide and catch fire or even spontaneously ignite. According to the "2019 Power Battery Safety Research Report" released by the Battery Safety Laboratory of Tsinghua University, spontaneous ignition accidents of electric vehicles have continued to occur frequently since 2019. According to incomplete statistics, there were more than 40 electric vehicle safety accidents related to power batteries reported by domestic and foreign media from January to July of 2019. In 2019, the State Administration for Market Regulation requested the recall of 33,281 new energy vehicles. There are 6,217 new energy vehicles recalled due to power battery problems, accounting for 18.68% of the total new energy vehicle recalls in 2019. In addition to safety issues, issues such as the endurance of lithium batteries and the limited cycle life of the batteries are often criticized by people. Fast charging seems to be necessary for electric vehicles, but at the same time, the high current forces lithium ions to migrate quickly inside the battery, which is prone to lithium precipitation. The battery capacity will rapidly decay after long-term use. In the worst case, lithium is deposited and accumulated to form lithium branches. The crystal pierces the diaphragm, causing an internal short circuit in the battery, which will eventually cause thermal runaway and cause a fire. In addition, from the perspective of energy system innovation, the energy storage technology of lithium-ion batteries alone cannot completely change the traditional energy structure. It is affected by lithium resource reserves (~17ppm) and uneven distribution (~70% in South America). Restrictions (my country currently relies on imports for 80% of lithium resources), and it is difficult for lithium-ion batteries to simultaneously support the development of the two major industries of electric vehicles and grid energy storage. Therefore, the alternative or alternative energy storage technology for lithium-ion batteries has become the focus of competition among countries in the world for new energy technologies, and who will become another energy storage technology after lithium-ion batteries has attracted much attention. At present, solid-state batteries, such as rechargeable alkaline zinc batteries, lithium metal batteries, and lithium sulfur batteries, will help electrify more mobility. Low-cost, long-lasting batteries, such as zinc-based, fluid batteries and high-temperature technologies, will be very suitable for providing grid balance in the future of high renewable energy and electric vehicles. In addition, high-power batteries can ensure the high penetration rate and fast charging of electric vehicles, so the industry is continuing to wait and see. In the era of new energy, electrification is an inevitable trend, and the world dominated by lithium-ion batteries is also opening important new market doors for other emerging battery technologies that are about to be commercialized. Obviously, breakthrough battery technology will play a central role in the future energy system. In the process of transition to a clean energy economy, battery technology is creating more value and a variety of new opportunities, which also shows social progress from another side.

With the future of diesel forklifts under increasing pressure from ever-tighter regulations on emissions, sales of electric trucks have been accelerating. The only remaining stronghold for diesel has been heavy-duty applications that demand lifting capacities of 8 tonnes or more. But with an imminent end to the subsidy on red diesel and the entry of big-hitters Raniero to the UK marketplace, that could change. According to Stewart Gosling of Red Diamond Distribution UK, importers for the Raniero range: [In recent years, electric trucks have proved themselves more than a match for IC engine trucks, for both indoor and outdoor operations. Nearly every aspect of their performance is superior, they are dimensionally smaller, more dependable, require less maintenance, and deliver significant savings in terms of whole-life costs". [The only issue was capacity but with the introduction of the high-capacity Raniero range that is no longer an obstacle." Acknowledged as the world`s leading manufacturer of heavy-duty lift trucks, the current Raniero range spans 5 to 32 tonnes, including the largest electric forklift on the market. Renowned for its innovative approach to design Raniero also boasts the manufacturing flexibility to meet individual customer requirements regardless of the size of the order or its complexity. That agility is matched by the performance of the products themselves. Despite their tonnage, Raniero trucks are surprisingly nimble, with a very small turning radius and excellent manoeuvrability in tight spaces. They can be used for indoor and outdoor applications, as there are no emissions, enabling owners to lower their carbon footprint and maintain a safer, quieter working environment for operators. Raniero can even offer 12-tonne capacity models for working inside shipping containers. Small wonder the range is proving highly successful in some of world`s most demanding applications, including steel, timber, paper, recycling, automotive, special waste management, logistics, textiles and energy. [Raniero electric forklifts provide the strength and performance of diesel trucks but with the added benefit of sustainable operations and lower running costs in the long-term,"

The requirements of energy storage power stations determine what kind of lithium battery is the most suitable energy storage battery. Generally speaking, the application purpose of energy storage power station in the power grid mainly considers several major functional applications such as load regulation, cooperating with new energy access, compensation for line loss, power compensation, improvement of power quality, isolated grid operation, peak shaving and valley filling. For example: cutting peaks and filling valleys, improving the operation curve of the power grid, in a simple way, the energy storage power station is like a reservoir, which can store the surplus water during the low electricity consumption period, and then use it when the electricity consumption peaks. This reduces the waste of electric energy; in addition, the energy storage power station can also reduce line losses and increase the service life of new lines and equipment. What are the requirements for the selection of energy storage lithium-ion batteries? As an energy storage power station that cooperates with photovoltaic power generation to achieve peak shaving and valley filling, load compensation, and improve power quality applications, energy storage lithium batteries are a very important component and must meet the following requirements: 1. It is easy to realize multi-mode combination to meet higher working voltage and larger working current; 2. The capacity and performance of the lithium iron phosphate battery can be detected and diagnosed, so that the control system can realize the dispatch control of the power station load under the condition of predicting the battery capacity and performance; 3. High safety and reliability: In normal use, the battery's normal service life is not less than 15 years; in extreme cases, even if a failure occurs, it is still in the control range, and there should be no explosion, combustion, etc. that endanger the safe operation of the power station failure; 4. It has good fast response and large rate charge and discharge capability, generally 5-10 times of charge and discharge capability is required; 5. Higher charge-discharge conversion efficiency, easy installation and maintenance, good environmental adaptability, and wide operating temperature range. Lithium iron phosphate batteries have a good effect when used in power generation systems as energy storage. As a technology for large-capacity battery energy storage systems, lithium iron phosphate batteries are the first choice.

DETROIT (AP) - Although General Motors will build Honda's first two fully electric vehicles for North America, the Japanese automaker plans to change course and manufacture its own later this decade. Company officials say they're developing their own EV architecture, and after two GM-made EVs go on sale in 2024, Honda will start building its own. [It's absolutely our intention to produce in our factories," Honda of America Executive Vice President Dave Gardner said, adding that Honda has developed battery manufacturing expertise from building gas-electric hybrids. [We absolutely intend to utilize that resource." Honda and GM have been partners on hydrogen fuel cell and electric vehicles. Earlier this year they announced that GM would build one Honda SUV and one Acura SUV using its Ultium-branded electric vehicle architecture and battery system. The company said the Honda SUV would be named the Prologue, and that both SUVs will have bodies, interiors and driving characteristics designed by Honda. But after those two, Honda plans its own manufacturing for most of a series of electric vehicles, although it hasn't determined if it will use GM components. Gardner says sales projections for the Prologue are between 40,000 and 150,000 per year, but he didn't say when those numbers would be reached. In April, the company said it plans to phase out all of its gasoline-powered vehicles in North America by 2040, making it the latest major automaker with a goal of becoming carbon neutral. Honda wants 40% of North American vehicle sales to be battery or fuel-cell powered by 2030, and 80% of all vehicles sold to run on batteries or hydrogen by 2035. Honda initially had planned to meet stricter government fuel economy and pollution standards by adding hybrids to improve internal combustion engines. But regulatory actions across the world to combat climate change, including proposals from U.S. President Joe Biden, have moved the company more toward electric vehicles, Gardner said. Battery-electric vehicles accounted for less than 2% of U.S. new-vehicle sales last year, but analysts are predicting huge growth as automakers roll out new models. The consulting firm LMC Automotive expects nearly 359,000 to be sold this year, passing 1 million in 2023 and hitting over 4 million in 2030. Still, that's roughly one-quarter of annual new vehicle sales.